非超级的荷兰性:密度,人性化尺度与健康的地(2)
我们衷心感谢卡斯·卡恩教授,他的无私帮助使这一期的出版成为可能。□
Two books are sitting open on my table, each turned to a page with a sketch by a Dutch. One isthe Otterlo Circlesby Aldo van Eyck, printed in Sarah Whiting'sAnxious Modernism. The other is Madelon Vriesendorp's Flagrant Délit, collected in Rem Koolhaas'Delirious New York. Each sketch depicts a Dutch idea about what architecture is and whom architecture is for. The dates of the sketches are more than a decade apart. The architecture ideologies behind them, however, are eons apart.
Since the 1990s, along with the arrivals of controversial landmark projects such as the CCTV Tower in Beijing, the Dutch have established themselves in the Chinese architecture landscape as supermen. They are known to be the ultimate creators of iconic urban megastructures that are bold, flamboyant, striking, denying gravity and ignoring known architectural principles. The sweeping shockwaves of the Super Dutch sent an unmistakable message about architecture as a collective visual statement: there is nothing wrong in iconography and monumentality. For a city to rapidly claim global notoriety architecturally, it is probably better to scare than care.
Yet the Super Dutch was merely a short existence, arguably two decades or so at the turn of the 21st century, compared to the centuries-long tradition of Dutch humanism. So short that it might be appropriate to call the Super Dutch period an interruption.
As a people densely populated on a small foot print of low land, the Dutch has cultivated their own way of staying at peace both with the environment and with other humans from very early on. After industrialisation, rapidly developing into a global power in trade but never in military might, the Dutch metropolitan cities had chosen to focus more on general living condition than on imperial expression. On one hand, it makes no sense to construct monumental squares or pedestals on valuable lands meticulously claimed from sea.On the other, the long obsession with horizontal mobility, either by bicycles or by boats, has relegated anything vertical to the inferior league. From Enlightenment to post WWII years, the Dutch have been an open source of reference in interpreting density, human scale and setting up conducive,symbiotic environments. Van Eyck's by us, for us certainly gives us a lens to see this longer, more consistent line of Dutch architecture.
Programmatic mix, and typological hybridity gives the Dutch a unique approach on density. In 1950s' Rotterdam, it was Bakema's Lijnbaan that denies the vertical purity in both Le Corbusier's and Gropius' models by the juxtaposition of horizontal volumes, and first created street life (or dare we say memories of traditional European towns) in post war reconstruction when modernism was still at its ruthless peak. Similarly, more than a half centuries later and a few blocks away, MVRDV made the Markthal which put the residential and the market virtually mating with each other while sharing the same foot print, putting an end to a time when megastructure is all about iconography.
Radically giving priority to slow, sporadic movement in the city is a signature Dutch approach to human scale urban space. In the 1960s there were Aldo van Eyck's playgrounds in interstitial and incredibly intimate,they represented some of the best open spaces for average citizens in Europe when every city was getting boringly programmatic. Closing to the turn of the century, traffic engineer Hans Monderman proposed the philosophy of removing traffic lights to give roads back to humans. After his death, carrying his idea to real life in the late 2010s, all traffic lights in Alexanderplein, Amsterdam have been removed and got the unanimous praise from cyclists and pedestrians. Similarly, in 2015, the Luchtsingel is opened in Rotterdam, penetrating office blocks and connecting forgotten patches, giving pedestrians a new fun route to take.
The everlasting danger of losing land to flooding and an extremely high awareness of impending resource shortage has given the Dutch good reasons to try everything possible for resource efficiency and environmental sustainability, from the most flexible floor layout to the wildest tech solutions. In early 1970s, Herman Hertzberger's Centraal Beheer Office in Apeldoorn managed to provide "half-evolved"molecule spaces, giving all kinds of possibilities to users and making the building inherently lasting longer. From 1980s up to now, the entire new town of Almere has been planned, constructed and occupied with the new environmentally-friendly habitat in mind. Everything relates to water and energy uses the most update technology more radical are the sea of gigantic green houses in Westland area, recently put into cutting-edge artificial lighting, climatecontrol and stacked planting technology, these farms grow crops around the clock, and are designed to double the food production from half the resource compared to common modern day farms. A tiny country feeding the world is no longer a slogan.
文章来源:《地球与环境》 网址: http://www.dqyhjzz.cn/qikandaodu/2020/1010/363.html
上一篇:基于数据分析太阳内部温度能够保持恒定的真正
下一篇:地球太小容不下想上天的体育场